St. Anselm’s version of the Ontological Argument and Gaunilo’s objection to it Essay Example

St. Anselm’s rendition of the Ontological Argument and Gaunilo’s issue with it Paper Anselm of Canterbury was one of the early advertisers of the Ontological Argument supporting the presence of God. He contends that God exists on the premise that ‘something-than-which-nothing-more noteworthy can-be-thought’ ought to essentially exist as a general rule. As it were, similarly as anything a painter can think about can be emerged into a painting, the origination of God is a terminal point for human creative mind. To the degree that it is comprehensible, the item exists. To the degree that it is a definitive in the size of creative mind, it must be God. Anselm proceeds to guarantee that that God can't be thought not to exist is additional evidence. He says, ‘something-than-which-a-more prominent can't be-thought’ exists so really that it can't be thought not to exist. On the off chance that an animal can consider something preferred and greater over God, it would need to be over its Creator and be making a decision about its Creator. Since this i s legitimately outlandish, it is just God who really exists as well as exists to the furthest extent. Anselm proceeds to highlight an evident inconsistency in the fool’s (nonbeliever) thinking. He asks logically â€Å"How in reality has he ‘said in his heart’ what he was unable to think; or how might he be able to not think what he ‘said in his heart’, since to ‘say in one’s heart’ and to ‘think’ are the same?† (Anselm, p.21) And at long last, Anselm sets that God is whatever it is smarter to be than not to be and that, â€Å"existing through himself alone, he makes every other being from nothing†. (Anselm, p.21) Gaunilo of Marmoutiers puts forth a solid defense in the interest of the blockheads. He tries to-point counter of the cases of Anselm’s Ontological Argument. Gaunilo counters that that-which-is-more prominent than-everything ought to really exist in all actuality similarly as it exists in the brain. It can't just be expected, as the Ontologists have done, that God must exist since he is that element which is imagined to be more prominent than-everything. Gaunilo mentions another striking objective fact about human comprehension and human insight. Gaunilo proceeds to explain the case of the painter. The work of art, at the hour of its origination, is the result of the artist’s inventiveness and is hence a vital piece of his exceptionally understanding. This comprehension isn't equivalent to a definitive truth that God speaks to. Subsequently, in any event, conceding that ‘there-was-something-than-which-nothing-more prominent could-be-thought’, â€Å"this th ing, heard and comprehended, would not, in any case, be equivalent to the not-yet-made picture is in the brain of the painter†. In addition, when it is said that God can't be thought not to exist, it is reasonable rather to state that it â€Å"cannot be comprehended not to exist nor even to be capable not to exist†. (Gaunilo, p.24) We will compose a custom exposition test on St. Anselm’s variant of the Ontological Argument and Gaunilo’s issue with it explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on St. Anselm’s variant of the Ontological Argument and Gaunilo’s issue with it explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on St. Anselm’s rendition of the Ontological Argument and Gaunilo’s issue with it explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer I discover Gaunilo’s resistance of the Fool more persuading than Anselm’s unique theory. To intricate, every individual has an impediment to his innovative powers just as shifted capacity to comprehend complex issues. All things considered, if the presence of God is gotten from the capacity of the brain, aren’t a few people better invested to get a handle on this alleged reality than others? Shouldn't something be said about individuals experiencing mental disarranges or mental hindrance? It is safe to say that they are fit for considering God? If not, does that mean God doesn’t exist? The issue with Ontological Arguments emerges in view of their power to the emotional encounters of an individual’s mind. I additionally discover Gaunilo’s purposeful anecdote of the ‘Lost Island’ to be a fitting reply to Anselm’s suggestion. Anselm of Canterbury was one of the early advertisers of the Ontological Argument supporting the presence of God. He contends that God exists on the premise that ‘something-than-which-nothing-more prominent can-be-thought’ ought to essentially exist actually. At the end of the day, similarly as anything a painter can think about can be emerged into a painting, the origination of God is a terminal point for human creative mind. To the degree that it is comprehensible, the article exists. To the degree that it is a definitive in the size of creative mind, it must be God. Anselm proceeds to guarantee that that God can't be thought not to exist is additional confirmation. He says, ‘something-than-which-a-more prominent can't be-thought’ exists so genuinely that it can't be thought not to exist. In the event that an animal can consider something preferable and greater over God, it would need to be over its Creator and be making a decision about its Creator. Since this is intelligently incomprehensible, it is just God who really exists as well as exists to .

Mrsa free essay sample

MRSA in the Community According to Mosby’s Medical, Nursing, and Allied Health Dictionary (2002), Methicillin-safe staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), is a gram positive bacterial that is regularly found on the skin and in the throat, and is a dangerous staphylococcal disease that may emerge inside emergency clinics, and â€Å"is much of the time answerable for abscesses, endocarditis, impetigo, osteomyelitis, pneumonia, and septicemia. Treatment as a rule incorporates bed rest, analgesics, and an enemy of microbial medication that is impervious to penicillinase, a protein emitted by numerous types of staphylococcus. This essayist will talk about the historical backdrop of MRSA, article investigated, network portrayed in article, intends to address the issue, and moral issues coming about because of not tending to this issue. Moreover, this essayist will utilize Orem’s nursing model and speculations to propose nursing intercession to address the network wellbeing concern. History of MRSA According to Stanhope and Lancaster, (2008), irresistible illnesses are the main source of death around the world, and in the United States, irresistible ailments represent 25% of all doctor visits every year, creatures once defenseless to anti-infection agents are turning out to be progressively sedate safe, and results in helplessness to sicknesses believed no longer to be a danger. We will compose a custom exposition test on Mrsa or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page As per an article distributed by USA Today, methicillin safe staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) got obvious following two many years of utilizing penicillin, the germs started to change to oppose the anti-infection agents, and by the 1990s, MRSA was regular in medical clinics and was spreading to our networks (p. 861). Besides, Stanhope and Lancaster encourages that as indicated by the Center for Disease Control (2002), â€Å"Community related MRSA has caused episodes in a few states and is presently the objective of a general wellbeing mindfulness battle to forestall antimicrobial obstruction

6 Reasons why every startup would need a physical workspace

6 Reasons why every startup would need a physical workspace Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!6 Reasons why every startup would need a physical workspaceUpdated On 23/09/2018Author : Ram kumarTopic : BusinessShort URL : https://hbb.me/2zoGWEK CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogWhen someone says the word office one may get some images of typical cubicles at a workplace or if you are among those lucky people, you might end up at those fun workplaces and get that fun-loving culture and people.But now, an office usually means any environment to which people dedicate most of their business hours and work collectively as a team and adopt a work culture and general work etiquette.Be it a startup or a well-established organization, everyone does require a physical space and a culture too.7 reasons why every startup would need a physical workspace, and I bet you can’t deny these.1. Attracting new emerging talentOffice space is one of the primitive ways a brand communica tes its reality. Every aspiring mind who is willing to join an organization, they want to know and experience that the physical space they’ll be working in is appealing and comfortable for them as well as their peers. After all, they’ll be spending a majority of their day about 8-9 hours at that place.And, with a clumsy place, clearly, everyone wont get an impression if your company is the one without any physical and well space at all.2. Social lifeSocializing with/among the employees and indulging in team-building activities improve workspace culture and helps maintain harmony. At some places, employees end up being close friends. Focus more on providing a healthy culture would make the employees happy which in turn boosts more productivity at work.3. Providing Safety Net for the EmployeesFor meetings or meet up a company should definitely consider getting an organized workspace for your startup even at the initial space. Eliminate all the junk stuff, junk removal denver comes handy.Even after all the video-conferencing tools like Skype, Google Hangout and Vidyo and Zoom we have now, one needs to meet in person despite everything. You may never know when these tools stop working or fail at your most important day at work. NEVER RELY ON THEM!!!In person, interaction is a necessary aspect of every company. That wont be a problem if everyone is in the same space at fixed hours of the day.READ4 Habits Of The Successful Forex Traders4. Most Important Factor AccountabilityAccountability issues will come your way, whether you like it or not. Every company or the other has faced this issue at one point of time during their journey.Within unorganized working culture, you might feel insecure about your employees and wonder if they are available at that workplace or not. With tools, you can make sure that an employee is devoting his/her time to your company but may wonder if he/she is providing quality work or not.The only way to make sure that happens is to have all of them at a workplace and together so one can be updated about the work that is being done and ensures its quality too.5. Exposure to diversity and developing advanced skillsIn every industry, exposure to different viewpoints is a must for all, skill sets, levels of experience are healthy. An office or physical workspace ensures that your team members are getting enough of this exposure even in a diverse team.Securing office space for your startup is no doubt a big decision to take, though it will represent one of your most significant expenses, and it does require a 3-to-5 year commitment to yourself and to your employees as well.6. Finding the Perfect PlaceIt does seem to be a hectic task to set up a physical space for you and your employees and if things do not work out well you might need to shift to place to place, till you get the perfect place for yourself. But you know what? There isnt any place which is perfect. We make it perfect. And the biggest aspect of it is clean liness and neatness.Keeping these points in mind and making sure if everything is falling at the right place, one can solely focus on the establishing their business and providing the best possible experience to your employees.

The Democratization Of American Christianity - 2101 Words

It is with his first few sentences that author, Nathan Hatch, lets the readers know about the scope and the reason for his book The Democratization of American Christianity. Nathan Hatch, who is currently the president of Wake Forest University in Wake Forest, NC and was previously the dean and provost at Notre Dame, states, â€Å"This book is about the cultural and religious history of the early American republic and the enduring structures of American Christianity. It argues both that the theme of democratization is central to understanding the development of American Christianity, and that the years of the early republic are the most crucial in revealing that process.† (3) The freedom and liberty that were experienced by people in America’s infancy bled into all aspects of life: government, family, and religion. It was this freedom that gave many in the church the boldness to either go and start churches, or serve as a leader in the church: things that were not a n option during their time in England. A great deal of church growth in early America can be attributed to this freedom and the conversion of the masses to the various denominations that were available to the early Americans, choices that they did not have while in England. In telling the story of the growth of Protestantism in America, Hatch regales the readers with stories and information about a fascinating time in the history of the American Protestantism. It was a time filled with such varied and uniqueShow MoreRelatedAmerican Christianity Democratized1027 Words   |  4 PagesHow was American Christianity democratized during this period, and how else was the United States democratized? The Second Great Awakening commenced with a Protestant revival movement during the early beginning around 1790, the movement gained momentum through 1820s. The later emergence of the Transcendentalists movement emerged, rooted by their religious philosophy extended from more than a protestant movement but a social and political one, linked far back in American history .ReligiousRead MoreThomas Paine And The Undermining Of American Democracy1012 Words   |  5 PagesThomas Paine and the Undermining of American Democracy There has always been a relationship between religion and democracy. Religion provides the framework and moral boundaries for democracy. Democracy preaches freedom but not absolute freedom, religion decides what freedom is necessary for democracy to work. The question then becomes, what religion is the best fit for a thriving democracy. Thomas Paine, political activist, philosopher, political theorist, believes that a deistic religion isRead MoreThe Transition from the Colonial Era to the Revolutionary War671 Words   |  3 Pagesslavery was originally adopted for economic reasons, eventually was justified by Southern whites on the basis of race. Plantation sizes were growing in order to supply the demand of tobacco. As a result by the 1750s, American-born slaves outnumbered African slaves in the North American colonies. Slavery did not supply the labor force in the northern colonies, but there were slaves in the North. There were obvious differences between slavery in the North a nd South. Few families in the North ownedRead MoreEffects on Nationalism in America Essay1133 Words   |  5 Pagescome from Nathan Hatch and Donald Matthews. Hatch, in The Democratization of American Christianity, set out to reevaluate the â€Å"social control interpretation† of the Second Great Awakening by exploring its role in shocking the nation’ religious philosophy of the popular preachers and the outstanding numbers of the people who listened to their message. Hatch wrote: â€Å"...we have ignored the most dynamic and characteristic elements of Christianity during this time: the displacement from power of the religiousRead MoreOne Nation Under God: The Lasting Effects of the Second Great Awakening1803 Words   |  8 Pagesdespite their endless debate, religion, especially Christianity, has and continues to play a fundamental element of America’s cultural, societal, and political makeup. The Second Great Awakening, the religious revivalist movement of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, ignited not only a religious revolution that transformed the American landscape, but it also developed and cemented the individualistic ideologies that have driven American thought in subsequent generations. At its coreRead MoreAnne Hutchingson and Freeborn Garrettson1207 Words   |  5 Pagesbetween Hutchinson’s trial and Garettson’s conversion, American religion had changed. Democracy had changed it. While the impact of religion on democracy has been well documented, it is difficult to trace the impact of democracy on religion. Nevertheless, historians like Nathan Hatch argue that democracy was a significant influence on the development of American religion. Hatch identifies three marks of democratic spirit found in early American religious movements – redefined leadership, acceptanceRead MoreEssay on Navigating Interstitial Spaces1910 Words   |  8 PagesSpaces â€Å"[T]he law permits the Americans to do what they please.† Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America The protection of virtue, I submit, requires an understanding of interstitial spaces—spaces where formalist adherence to rules and laws does not suffice to adequately promote virtue. Recognition of these spaces spawned agent morality and Aristotle’s practical wisdom. Fascination with these spaces fueled Alexis de Tocqueville’s inquiry into American religious, familial and politicalRead MorePolands History and the Poland of Today Essay1742 Words   |  7 Pagesintroduced as part of broader democratization process; limited judicial review of legislative acts, but rulings of the Constitutional Tribunal are final. Poland’s conventional long form is Republic of Poland, local long form is Rzeczpospolita Polska, and local short form is Polska. Poland’s religion population is 89.8% Roman Catholic, 1.3% Eastern Orthodox, .3% Protestant, .3% other, and 8.3% unspecified. Poles often referred to Poland as being the â€Å"bulwark of Christianity†, bordering with Muslim peoplesRead MoreThe Effects Of Slavery On American South And Its Entire Population Essay1497 Words   |  6 Pagesslave labor was considerably more than the cost of their maintenance. Demands for democratization, respect for human dignity and American Civil War presented a major turning point in the institution of slavery as farmers turned to lesser labor-intensive production methods such as the use of Eli Whitney s Cotton Gin. This paper analyzes different ways in which institution of Slavery affected the development of American South between 1800 1865, and the lives of people living in the region. In doingRead More Religion Essay1608 Words   |  7 Pagesto exhibit more conduciveness of democracy than others. Persistence of democracy within a r eligion falls under choice of assumptions, actions and costs toward others. As a religious institution, democracy applies also to cultural perspectives. The American Catholic Church could analyze democracy with ongoing tensions as social competitors of power or resources. Seeking the related aspects of Catholicism and democracy, the actions and words of the clergy directly influence political outcomes. The circumstances

Sample Letter of Incident Report

A sample letter of incident report is an example of how to write an informative and formally correct document, which would serve as an important tool while dealing with an organizational problem. It is important to be aware of the structure and requirements for this letter in order to write it in an appropriate way, so a sample letter of incident report will help to successfully accomplish this task. To Mr. Smith, the CEO of the Publishing House, Date: Jan 16th, 2017 A Fistfight between Two Employees of the Publishing House Marketing Department Type of Incident: An interpersonal communication issue. Participants and Witnesses: An argument that resulted in a scuffle occurred between Mr. Stanley, a junior manager of the Marketing Department, and Mr. Sandler, a marketing communication manager. The incident was witnessed by product managers Ms. Hasley and Mr. Gratz and by a customer support manager Mrs. Whinfrey. Time and Location: The incident occurred on January 15th, 2017 at 12:24 in a smoking room on the 5th floor of the Publishing House headquarters. Preconditions and Consequences: The participants were on their break when the incident occurred. They discussed a personal issue related to Mr. Stanleys family. However, when Mr. Sandler disrespectfully referred to the wife of Mr Stanley, the man instantly hit him in front of their female colleagues Ms. Hasley and Mrs. Whinfrey. A fistfight began and it continued until women called Mr. Gratz to help. As a consequence, both men were not seriously injured, but a chair in the smoking room was broken. Nonetheless, they were sent to the first-aid room in order to be checked by the nurse. The medical statements are attached. As a prerequisite of the incident, HR Department defined the lack of communication skills of both participants. Furthermore, they did not take a part in an organizational training concerning conflict resolution strategies conducted by the HR department on October 15th, 2016. Besides, both men were uptight because of the Internet issue, which occurred in the office on that day. The whole building was left without an Internet connection for 2 hours between 11 am and 1 pm so people were unable to work on their tasks. Descriptions of Taken Measures: Since it was the first time when both men were involved in such an incident, they got a verbal rebuke and a letter of warning. They were notified of a subsequent firing in case the situation reoccurs. Both men were fined 10 percents of their salary because of the broken piece of furniture. The supply department was reported about the damaged item, and it will be replaced during the following week. In addition, HR Department is currently preparing a general gathering in order to conduct an organizational talk with all members of the company personnel concerning interpersonal relationship issues and conflict resolution strategies. The presentation will be held on January 18th at 2 pm in the meeting room, and every employee is obliged to be present at it. Incident Reported By: Mr. Black, the senior manager of HR department +1 123 456 78 99 black@gmail.com Signature _________

What Are the Effects of Poor Communication in a Project

Faculty of Business Department of Management and Project Management Baccalaureus Technologiae Project Management Project Research IV Lecturer: L. Jowah RESEARCH METHODOLOGY PROPOSAL TABLE OF CONTENTS Hypothesis - The matrix management structure hinders the project manager when executing a project. 1 Research Question 1 Topic 1 KEY WORDS 1 CONCEPT DEFINITIONS 1 2 CHAPTER ONE BACKGROUND AND PROBLEM ORIENTATION 2 1.1 INTRODUCTION 2 1.2 BACKGROUND TO STUDY 3 1.3 PROBLEM FORMULATION 4 1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 5 1.4.1 Primary objective 5 1.4.2 Theoretical objectives of the study 5 1.4.3 Empirical objectives 5 1.5 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 6 1.5.1 Literature review 6 1.5.2 Target population 6 1.5.3 Sample selection and method of†¦show more content†¦Projects are usually led by a project manager who is a professional in the field of project management. Project managers can have the responsibility of the planning, execution, and closing of any project. However the project manager has to interface with the line management, according to Kerzner (2006:7). Projects are performed by people and managed through people, so it is essential to develop an organisation structure which reflects the needs of the project (Burke, 2007:304). Organisations use project management to bring key people together to achieve specific goals (Palmer, 2002:101-105). According to Gido Clements (2003:336-339), Conflict can arise from poor or organisational issues can cause conflict in a project. ambiguous project communication, lack of information sharing, or failure to make timely decisions. Problems caused by conflict include: confusion; waste of time, money and opportunity; diminished productivity; de-motivation of individuals and teams; internal conflicts and power struggles and ultimately project failure (Box Platts, 2005:370-387). 2 Due to the numerous working interfaces, complicated networks, and diversified team members of a large project, coordination efficiency among members of the team is vital to the project’s success (Cheng, Su You, 2003:70-79). One of the simplest, yet most effective things upper management can do isShow MoreRelatedâ€Å"The Art Of Communication Is The Language Of Leadership†1627 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The art of communication is the language of leadership† James Humes In a project setting, the project manager is the center of communication from almost every aspect of the project. The project manager has the most information about the project, know what needs to be done, and is contact with the contractors, team members and stakeholders on a regular basis. Communication from the leadership level is so important because it sets tone for the entire project. â€Å"Communication by project managers needsRead MoreCauses of Project Failure1147 Words   |  5 PagesPROJECT DEFINITION A project is defined as a unique set of co-ordinated activities with a finite duration, defined cost and performance parameters and clear outputs to support specific business objectives. [pic] IT-PROJECT DEFINITION An IT-enabled project is any business change activity, including programmes and projects, where the use of IT is critical to its success. WHEN A PROJECT FAILS? †¢ Not meeting project goals, delivering requirements †¢ Not delivering valueRead MoreThe Construction Industry Has Been Plagued By Rework Problem1030 Words   |  5 PagesChina (Ye et al., 2014), Hong Kong (Palaneeswaran, 2006); or project type, such as residential, industrial and commercial building projects (Josephson and Hammarlund, 1999), building projects (Josephson and Hammarlund, 1999), engineering projects (Burati et al., 1992), transport projects (Abdul-Rahman, 1995; Nylà ©n, 1996), as cited by Love (2002a, 2002b). This paper is motivated first, by the adverse effects of rework on construction projects. Rework has been acknowledged as being the primary factorRead MoreCompany X Problem Analysis Essay1608 Words   |  7 Pages Through extensive analysis from the customer satisfaction surveys, and research from the satisfaction task force, Company X found three major problems areas. The companys programs reflect poor quality, the development times are taking longer than the projected due dates and a small portion of employees are discrediting the company name and values. Each of these problems has contributed to the main problem; the increasing rate at which CompanyRead MoreProject Management Practices : The Criteria For Success Or Failure871 Words   |  4 Pagesin a successful and failed project. The first article is â€Å"Project Management Practices: The Criteria for Success or Failure† by: Iman Attarzadeh and Siew Hock Ow. In this article the authors discuss the top ten factors for a successful and a failed project. The second article that I located was, â€Å"Top 10 Main Causes of Project Failure† by: Rosanne Lim. In this article, Lim discusses the ten factors that cause a projec t to fail. The top ten factors for a successful project are, user involvement, executiveRead MoreCompany X Problem Analysis Essay1470 Words   |  6 Pagescompanys programs reflect poor quality, the development times are taking longer than the projected due dates and a small portion of employees are discrediting the company name and values. Each of these problems has contributed to the main problem; the increasing rate at which Company X is losing customers and revenue. Defining problem and goals Customers do not want to buy a product that is defective. Through thorough analysis, Company X has attributed the poor quality of its programs asRead MoreWhat Does Good / Bad Communication Look Like A Network?1137 Words   |  5 PagesWhat Does Good / Bad Communication Look Like In A Network? There are, or have been, a number of scholars who have deployed SNA for researches in the communication domain. Their works may be summarized in Table 3. And, as will be reviewed briefly below, several existing studies have demonstrated that SNA metrics and sociogram characteristics could serve as leading indicators of the quality of communication. Loosemore (1998) conducted a case study of a construction crisis to challenge the view thatRead MoreAnalysis Of Aaron s Communication Interaction998 Words   |  4 PagesThe purpose of this memo is to discuss Aaron s communication interaction, his professional ethics, examples of negative effects of poor communication, and how the KEYS process can help Aaron to communicate more efficiently. In order to complete this, we must be aware of which behaviors of Aaron s were wrong, and how to correct them. In each of my four answers, I will provide a sufficient response with a solution. In the end, I will discuss my closing thoughts. Confrontation is something that shouldRead MoreAnalyzing The Following Compound Risk : Unstable Requirements With Tight Budget Will Likely Cancel The Project1499 Words   |  6 Pagesthe project. Discuss the dependencies that exist between the two risks. Communication is an important part of our everyday lives. Without communications skills, it is extremely difficult to preform many simple tasks. With one person describing to another the function to perform, there needs to be clear description of the task at hand. When dealing with software projects, it is imperative that the end user convey their requirements of the software to the developer. Effective communication skillsRead MoreCase Study : Current State Assessment1183 Words   |  5 Pagesmandatory before any actions are taken. Issues faced by Fitness One 1) Training †¢ Inadequate and poor quality training: System related issues are not addressed in a substantive way due to poor quality of training. More emphasis in training is given on areas such as risk removal, ensuring optimal performance and the delivery of project deliverables, instead of the organisational change of the new system. †¢ Poor Timing of training: The training of the employees is not arranged in a timely manner. It is

Dental Job Satisfaction

Question: Discuss about theDental Job Satisfaction. Answer: Introduction This task is to discuss about the level of job satisfaction among the registered clinical dentists, and to understand the ways which may ensure appropriate satisfaction and retention of the dentists for the active clinical practices. There are so many of the different dimensions refer the job satisfaction which may act as the strong issues, affecting recruitment and the retention of the dentists. The various differences which happen between different levels of job satisfaction are usually in the minds of staff of private and the public sector dentists, among the males and female employees, and staff of different ages was required to be addressed so as to improve the recruitment and also the retention of the dentists (Toto, 2016). The increased demand and the need of the health care have resulted in the increased capacity of the recognized professions to supplyfull and appropriate services for the disease prevention. The varying work place structures, other financial alterations and t he shortages of the staff all are responsible factors which contribute to the complexities which are faced by dentists for the job satisfaction. The Job satisfaction and the happiness of the job mainly among the dentists is to assist and restructure any kind of the issues which may impact the recruitment and the retention of the dentists in the active clinical practice. The satisfaction at the workplace is of prompt importance, as this may lead the dentists to work more with enhanced zeal and enthusiasm and will help in servicing the people in great way. The professional satisfaction has always been a vital determinant for the staff retention, motivation, and the performance. These determinants also act significantly in improving the day to day functioning of the health systems, mainly the low and the middle-income nation (Brennan Spencer, 2002)s. Job Satisfaction and Strategies The career satisfaction is explained as the "advantageous emotional state which happens from the accurate appraisal of the job experience." It has also been connected to many aspects related to the patient health system and care outcomes and also with the general job performance and the life contentment. The fast change in the working sectors, mainly in the healthcare policies and the service, there has been acute job dissatisfactions which lie among the healthcare staff (Brennan Spencer, 2002). The dentistry results into providing a single social interaction which is influenced by the particular demands and needs of the clinical practice, direct and face to face exposure to the intimate plus the very sensitive human body areas, the personal emotions and the characteristics of the healthcare services provider and the recipient. In some years, the research has been able to find out that the dentistry has been among one of the most stress being one of the most stressful jobs, which is further also associated with less job satisfaction levels among the workers. The pressure in the field of the dentists is very acute and under this, the facilities which are provided to the staff are next to negligible. The lower professional satisfaction will surely lead to the lower outcome of the dentists which will result the patients with the less and reduced quality services. The doctors who pursue such profession are required to be provided with some more facilities as the task which they are serving is much tougher than what it looks and also the hard work which they are supposed to put in the job is huge and requires patience and real dedication. In case these dentists are not provided with adequate facilities they shall leave the job and shall also not at all suggest their students to pursue a lifetime profession as a dentist (Taehyung Yoon, 2011). Strategies: The strategies aim to increase the recruitment of the dental practitioners within the village or the rural health care centres. Salaries and other facilities are also enhanced so that the dentists may not feel aggrieved or dessert and continue serving the patients with proper attention. The more the dentists are boosted and are provided with the facilities they deserve, the more they shall work with the honest efforts (Cruz, Chi, Huebner, 2016). The dentists also need motivation so as to carry on with the better task unless they are boosted up, they shall not be able to work with their heart and the services which will be received by the patients will not be the best ones. As like other surgeons, these are also to be given the best of salaries and the facilities which they deserve and ultimately results to provide the best services to the patients at the end. Though there has been an increase in the number of the dental practitioners refer the country of Australia since last few years, but at the same time, there is an unbalanced distribution of the dental experts with more of the dental practitioners performing in the city areas. The fact is because the dental practitioners are not much willing to perform in the rural areas as the facilities are a very limited threat. All the plans and strategies which the local government makes to lure the dental practitioners failed for one or the other reason. The main motive of the study is to understand the attitudes of the Australian dentists towards the reasons which shall attract them to the rural areas and provide services threat to the needy patients(Luzzi Spencer, 2010). The government is also trying its best that the doctors shall be retained thereat and the problems of the patients living in that area are solved there only and they do not require to travel to the cities for their health sol utions. Recommendation: The dentists are required to be encouraged to stick to the rural areas and work thereat as the patient who is settled there also require the services of these practitioners. The stress which these doctors find while working in the rural areas is to be absorbed by the government and better facilities are to be provided to them for the increased confidence and interest of these doctors. In order to keep them charged, the doctors should be extended all support by the local government and they are also not at all kept aggrieved from any kind of facilities whatsoever (Balasubramanian et al., 2016). Positive doctors automatically give out positive results and their energy level shall determine their mindset. In case the dentists who are performing in the rural areas are often neglected and their proper request for the advanced technology is not fulfilled, they become stubborn and stop working at those areas are start asking for the transfers etc. The studies always revealed that the satisfied dentists well equipped with the latest technologies are less leaving the rural areas than as compared to the ones who are not at all provided with the required surgical devices, In case they are well equipped they shall remain in that area for a much comparative longer period of time. They shall also be able to serve the patients quickly and their cases shall be positive as well. Implementation: People living both at the rural and at the city areas require proper treatment and attention, thus the efficient and qualified doctors should serve them and this can only happen with the satisfied and the motivated doctors towards their fulfilled job. Expertise is required at all the levels of the country and the experts are to be fully boosted so that they serve at both of the locations. The doctors also do require the latest technologies to serve the patients in a better manner, their demands should be fulfilled so that they take the use of them and serve the patients accurately. Unless they are equipped with the proper medical equipment they also are helpless (Maher, de Looze, Hoffman, 2014). Rural areas are not that equipped as compared to the cities, but refer the demands of the doctors, the area needs much more care and for the purpose of this, the rural doctors are to be provided with much of the facilities which may lure them to stay there for as long as they can. Today this has been a true fact that the doctors are happy moving to the bigger locations where they are provided with the latest technological facilities which helps them to easily cure their patients, and this makes their task much easier than working in the absence of them. Conclusion: Dentists are willing to stay in the case where they are well supported by the government and are also well paid for the hard work, while working in the rural areas. If the doctors are not properly supported and appreciated, the task seems to be not under the control and thus the situation is to be alarming and requires an immediate change so that the patients at the rural areas get the better medical facilities at their door steps and they do not have to move here and there for the fundamental rights. References Balasubramanian, M., Spencer, A., Short, S., Watkins, K., Chrisopoulos, S., Brennan, D. (2016). Job satisfaction among migrant dentists in Australia: implications for dentist migration and workforce policy.Aust Dent J,61(2), 174-182. Brennan, D. Spencer, A. (2002). Practice activity trends among Australian private general dental practitioners: 1983-84 to 1998-99.International Dental Journal,52(2), 61-66. Cruz, S., Chi, D., Huebner, C. (2016). Oral health services within community-based organizations for young children with special health care needs.Spec Care Dentist,36(5), 243-253. Luzzi, L. Spencer, A. (2010). Job satisfaction of the oral health labour force in Australia.Australian Dental Journal,56(1), 23-32. Maher, N., de Looze, J., Hoffman, G. (2014). Anaphylaxis: an update for dental practitioners.Aust Dent J,59(2), 142-148. Taehyung Yoon,. (2011). A Study for analysis of Factors that Influence the Job Satisfaction of Occupational Therapists.Healthservicemanagementreview,5(2), 43-53. Toto, E. (2016). The Dentist First and Last.Adv Dent Oral Health,1(5).

Abnormalcies Analysis Essay Example

Abnormalcies Analysis Paper 1. Dr. Baker spends a long clip listening to ( auscultating ) Caleb’s bosom. a. Where on the thoracic surface do you auscultate to the tricuspid. mitral ( bicuspid ) . pneumonic. and aortal valves? Auscultation for the tricuspid valve would be in the left sternal border of the fifth intercostal infinite. The mitral valve sounds are heard over the vertex of the bosom ( 5th intercostal infinite ) in line with the center of the collarbone. Pulmonary valve sounds are auscultated at the 2nd intercostal infinite at the left sternal border. The aortal valve is heard at the 2nd intercostal infinite of the right sternal border. B. Where do you believe would be the best topographic point to auscultate Caleb’s unnatural bosom sound? Explain your reply. The unnatural bosom sounds would best be heard over the tricuspid country – the lower left sternal boundary line. This is the country which overlies the defect. Heart Sounds Case Essay Heart Sounds Case Essay Heart Sounds Case Essay We will write a custom essay sample on Abnormalcies Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Abnormalcies Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Abnormalcies Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer 2. Caleb has unnatural bosom sounds that tipped the physician off to a job. a. Name the normal sounds of the bosom and bespeak what causes these sounds. The normal sounds of the bosom are â€Å"lub-dup† are caused by the gap and shutting of the bosom valves. The first sound – lub- is from the shutting of the mitral and tricuspid bosom valves. The 2nd sound -dup- is from the closing of the pneumonic and aortal valves. B. In relation to the normal bosom sounds. when would you anticipate to hear the unnatural sound Dr. Baker heard? Explain your reply. A ventricular septal defect is a systolic mutter. The unnatural sounds can be heard during or after the first bosom sound and ends earlier or during the 2nd bosom sound. Abnormalcies Essay Sample 3. The defect in Caleb’s bosom allows blood to blend between the two ventricular Chamberss. a. Due to this defect would you anticipate the blood to travel from left-to-right ventricle or right-to-left ventricle during systole? I would anticipate the blood to travel from the left to the right ventricle. B. Based on your apprehension of blood force per unit area and opposition in the bosom and great vass. explicate your reply to inquiry 3a. In the bosom blood flows from countries of high force per unit area to countries of low force per unit area. Blood usually enters on the right side of the bosom ( deoxygenated ) . is pumped to the lungs and returns to the left side of the bosom ( oxygenated ) which will so be pumped out to the remainder of the organic structure. In Caleb’s instance blood will come in the right side of the bosom. be pumped to the lungs and return to the left side of the bosom. Every clip his bosom beats. some blood is so forced through the VSD back to the right side. It so goes back to the lungs even though it is already oxygenated. so blood that is non oxygenated can’t get O. A lower blood volume so remains in the left ventricle to be pumped out to the remainder of the organic structure. High force per unit area would happen in the lungs due to extra blood being pumped into lung arterias this make bosom and lungs work harder. 4. When an echocardiogram is performed. the technician color-codes oxygenated blood ( ruddy ) and deoxygenated blood ( bluish ) a. In a healthy babe. what colour would the blood be within the right and left ventricles. severally? The right ventricle usually pumps bluish blood because the blood is without O and the left ventricle pumps red blood because the blood has O. B. In Caleb’s bosom. what colour would the blood be within the right and left ventricles. severally? It is both bluish and ruddy in the right ventricle because the already oxygenated blood flows back into the right ventricle and blood in the left ventricle would be ruddy. 5. Caleb’s bosom allows oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to blend. Based on your cognition of the bosom and the great vass. depict other anatomical abnormalcies that cause the commixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Atrioventricular Canal Defect is an abnormalcy that causes the commixture of blood. There is a hole in centre of bosom where the wall between the upper and lower Chamberss meet. The tricuspid and mitral valves aren’t formed decently and one big valve crosses the defect. The defect Lashkar-e-Taibas oxygen rich blood base on balls to the heart’s right side and mix with deoxygenated blood. so travel back to the lungs. Another abnormalcy is Atrial Septal Defect ( ASD ) . where the walls of the upper Chamberss of the bosom don’t near wholly. doing a left to right motion of blood due to the higher force per unit area. The commixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood may do the right atrium and ventricle to enlarge due to the higher volume of blood. 6. What happens to Caleb’s systemic cardiac end product as a consequence of his ventricular septate defect ( VSD ) ? Explain your reply. Caleb’s systemic cardiac end product will be decreased. His blood will come in the right ventricle be pumped to the lungs. return to the left ventricle and so be shunted back to the right ventricle. This causes more blood to come in the right ventricle. The excess blood so go forthing the right ventricle causes a volume overload to the lungs. Because blood is being shunted back to the right ventricle. there is a lesser volume of oxygenated blood that leaves the bosom to provide the remainder of the organic structure. 7. One of the jobs that worried Tiffaney was that Caleb seemed to be take a breathing excessively hard all the clip. Let’s see how this symptom is related to his bosom defect. a. Describe what would go on to the blood volume and force per unit area come ining the pneumonic circuit as a consequence of his VSD. In VSD the right and left ventricles are working harder. pumping a greater volume of blood than they usually would. Extra blood will go through through the pneumonic arteria into the lungs doing. blood force per unit area to be higher than normal in the blood vass and lungs. B. Describe what would go on to the myocardium of Caleb’s right ventricle as a consequence of his VSD. The right ventricular bosom musculus will inspissate and lose snap over clip. doing the bosom to work harder to efficaciously pump blood the lungs and remainder of the organic structure. 8. Based on the location of Caleb’s defect. what portion of the conductivity system might be at hazard for abnormalcies? It is highly rare that VSD would do a conductivity system defect due to the fact that the two systems are different. different embryological development. yet are in close propinquity to each other. It is possible for the package of His to be displaced. but normally is unaffected. Sometimes a subdivision of the package of His could be on a rim of the VSD. but is still able to work. The lone slippery portion is if surgery is needed. the physician needs to be careful when shuting the defect.

Rise and fall of Napoleon Bonaparte

Rise and fall of Napoleon Bonaparte This paper explores how Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power. It further explores that factors that enabled Napoleon to control Europe and later remain a great influence on European politics in the 19th century. Finally, this paper considers the factors that contributed to the demise of the France Empire under Napoleon. Napoleon’s legacy is entrenched in the reforms he instituted in France that helped streamline governance. Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Rise and fall of Napoleon Bonaparte specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this paper, it is illustrated that Napoleon’s family background was instrumental towards his getting the best education possible. This later contributed to his becoming a Great War tactician and a consolidator of power. War tactics and consolidation of empire are important factors that necessitated his success. However, treachery against allies, betrayal by allies and formati on of coalitions against France led to its demise. Napoleon Bonaparte ruled Europe as Napoleon I. He was a very influential leader whose exploits and endeavors have shaped happenings in Europe for the larger part of the 19th century. Napoleon was born at a place called Corsica in the year 1769 (Asprey 2000, 6). Napoleon’s rise to power was not by accident. He was the second born son of a prominent man in Corsica; he represented Corsica at the court of the then king of France Luis XVI (Lacey, Schwatz and Wood 1998, 14). The Bonaparte’s were a nobility of Italian origin (Schom 1998, 2). His father was a well read, affluent lawyer of his time. Like most people of that time, Napoleon was baptized into Catholicism at the age of twelve years. Napoleon’s family background (nobility and affluence) enabled him to access better education opportunities than other people of his town (Asprey 2000, 13). He was able to study French at a religious school in mainland France by 1779. Later in the year, Napoleon gained admission into a military academy. After completing studies at the military academy that was situated at Brienne-le-chà ¢teau, Napoleon gained admission into a prestigious elite military school in Paris. While at the military school, Napoleon trained and qualified as an artillery officer (Schom 1998, 9). He was immediately commissioned in the artillery regiment as a second lieutenant. He dutifully engaged in his garrison duties until in 1789, which marked the beginning of the French revolution. Napoleon is described as having been a fervent â€Å"Corsican nationalist† (Lacey, Schwatz and Wood 1998, 26). He did not like the fact that France had taken over Corsica through blood shed. He believed in liberty and desired national freedom for Corsicans. When the French revolution broke out, he went back to Corsica for leave. Although he believed in the vision of the Corsican nationalists, he was also torn apart by attraction from the revol utionaries and the royalties.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He joined the Jacobin faction of the revolutionaries and quickly grew in rank as to command a battalion consisting of volunteers (Asprey 2000, 29). His engagement with the revolutionaries and absconding of duty lured the French army into giving him a promotion. As a captain of the French army, napoleon conflicted with Paoli, a Corsican nationalist who had rebelled against France (Schom 1998, 18). This conflict forced Napoleon to evacuate his family from Corsica. They settled on France main land in 1793. In the same year, 1973, he wrote a pamphlet that favored the republicans. This pamphlet earned him favor with the revolutionary leadership which promoted him by making him commander of artillery (Schom 1998, 24). He was posited as artillery commander for republican forces at siege Toulon. In his capacity a s commander, he devised a plan that enabled the republican army to capture the city. This exploit resulted in his being promoted to the post of Brigadier general in the republican army. Later, in 1794, Bonaparte fell out of favor with the army leadership for he was suspected of supporting renegade brothers. He was placed under house arrest and later demoted from artillery general to infantry commander. He tactically turned down the posting and offered to go and be of service to the Sultan of Istanbul. By September 1795, Napoleon was officially removed from the list of general in the French army. This meant no earnings as per that post. Luck smiled on napoleon because by October of 1995, royalists rebelled against the new government from which they had been excluded by the national convention (Schom 1998, 37). Napoleon, benefiting from one of the leader’s memory of his Toulon prowess, was put in command of a force put together to defend the convention (Schom 1998, 46). Again h aving learnt from a past experience, having witnessed the King’s Swiss Guard massacre, he devised a plan that led to the royalists suffering many losses; a total defeat. The defeat of the royalists earned Napoleon the admiration of both the mighty and the lowly (Asprey 2000, 56). He was compensated handsomely and within a week, he was basking in glory as a commander of the interior. He was put in charge of the army of Italy. As the commander of the army of Italy, Napoleon led a successful invasion of Italy by end of October 1795. He went on to defeat the Austrian forces in the battle of Lodi and later was able to capture all the Papal States. The army of Italy under Napoleon’s command subdued many states such as Austria and Venice.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Rise and fall of Napoleon Bonaparte specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More What put Napoleon in a vantage position was his application of military precision or ideas in dealing with real world scenarios or situations (Bell 2007, 468). His war tactics were so refined that he won most of his battles. His army was better placed because of the advanced artillery technology they used (Bell 2007, 274). They captured prisoners and took away weaponry from subdued states thus improving their artillery from battle to battle. Napoleon’s exploits in war earned him a privileged position in French politics. Napoleon sponsored the publication of two newspapers meant for his soldiers at war. However, the newspapers were widely circulated in France, becoming a conduit for his ideas and endearing him to the citizens. The royalists gained prominence in France after an election in 1797 and started attacking Napoleon’s dealings. This prompted Napoleon to sponsor a coup against the royalists (Schom 1998, 75). The coup left the republicans in control but they were totally dependent on Bonaparte. When he later returned back to Paris in December of 1797, he was the hero everyone wanted to associate with. In 1798, napoleon conjectured, schemed and executed an invasion against Egypt. This invasion was aimed at cutting off England from accessing the Middle East (Schom 1998, 83). Despite the Royal Navy’s pursuit of Napoleon’s expedition, they managed to land in Alexandria. However, the Mamluks who were occupying Egypt proved too many for Napoleon’s small army. To add injury to injury, the French vessels were destroyed by the Royal navy on the Nile River (Lacey, Schwatz and Wood 1998, 35). From the newspapers and other dispatches, Napoleon received while in Egypt, he learnt of how France was fairing poorly against its enemies. A window of opportunity came in the form of English ships temporarily departing from France’s coastline. He immediately set off for France even without seeking consent from the Directory in Paris. He got to Paris to find the republic in bad shape financiall y. With prompting from one of the Directors, Napoleon led a coup against the constitutional government (Schom 1998, 122). After the coup, he was elected as provincial consuls alongside Sià ªves and Ducos. The original intention was to have Sieves as the first Consul but Bonaparte outmaneuvered him and was elected the First Consul after drafting a constitution. As the First Consul, in 1800, Napoleon started expeditions aimed at regaining what France had lost while he was in Egypt (Bell 2007, 321). The Austrian forces had driven French forces out of Italy. Bonaparte led a campaign against the Austrians, narrowly defeating them by 1801. By October 1801, Napoleon was set for an invasion against Britain. Britain obtained a peace treaty from napoleon by promising to withdraw its troops from the colonies it had recently acquired. Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The peace was short lived due to mistrust between the two sides; by May 1803, Britain had already declared war against France. Uprisings in French colonies led to napoleon re-introducing slavery in the colonies. These led to strong uprising, with a notable one in Haiti (Schom 1998, 130). Napoleon’s success as a leader in France was hinged on the reforms he instituted. He created a centralized administration that had well defined departments (Asprey 2000, 92). He introduced reforms in higher education, choreographed a tax code, improved the banking system, invested in infrastructure especially roads and the sewer system (Asprey 2000, 116). He approached the Catholic Church and reached concessions with Rome that would help attract the catholic population to his rule or regime. He introduced an order of honor that encouraged military and civilian accomplishment or making of effort towards achievements (Schom 1998, 157). His greatest contribution to civil order is the laws widel y known as the Napoleonic code. The novelty of this code was its great emphasis on clearly written, understandable and accessible laws. He instituted and actively participated in processes and sessions aimed at defining due process in commerce and criminal punishment procedure (Lacey, Schwatz and Wood 1998, 71). There were numerous uprisings against Napoleon driven by the royalists and other functionaries (Asprey 2000, 145). Actually, napoleon narrowly escaped a number of assassination attempts. To consolidate power, Napoleon reintroduced a hereditary monarchy, himself becoming an emperor in 1804. To gain unquestioned allegiance of the army, Napoleon created a position ‘the marshal of the empire’ to which he appointed eighteen of his top generals (Asprey 2000, 150). This consolidation of imperialist powers made some of Napoleon’s admirers to despise him. However, he remained strong and ruled with flair and tact. Napoleon survived as a result of his military ta ctics. His greatest show of tact happened in 1805, during the war of the third coalition (Lacey, Schwatz and Wood 1998, 63). The third coalition consisted of Britain which had convinced Austria and Russia to join it in a war against France. France did not have as much naval capacity as Britain but due to tactical brilliance, they fought favorably against the coalition. The Royal navy gained control over most of the seas but Napoleon subdued Russians, Austrians. The defeat of the third coalition led to Austria conceding territory and the fall of the Holly Roman Empire. The confederation of the Rhine was created and Napoleon became its protector; Austria became an ally of France. Alliances also played a critical role in perpetuating Napoleon’s 20 year heavy presence in Europe. Although his Egyptian campaign failed, Napoleon continued nursing aspiration of forming alliances with rulers of the Middle East against Britain and its allies. He was sure that if he established a Franc o-presence in the Middle East, he would be able to take on England and defeat it (Asprey 2000, 78). This kind of alliance or presence would especially be instrumental in pressuring Russia, one of England’s key allies. When Napoleon won the war of the third coalition, the sultan of Ottoman Empire accepted Napoleon as empire and accepted to form an alliance with him. Later in 1807, the Persian sultan also accepted a Franco Persian alliance (Lacey, Schwatz and Wood 1998, 100). This alliance worked for France until in 1809 when France formed an alliance with Russia and focused its campaigns in Europe. The alliance with Russia was a follow up on the war of the fourth coalition. In 1806, Napoleon managed to subdue Prussia and attacked the Russian armies in Poland aided by Ottoman allies. He won against Russians forcing Tsar Alexander I to sign a treaty dividing the continent between Russia and France. Napoleon stationed nominal rulers to govern the captured territory on his behal f. Again with Spain as an ally, napoleon was able to attack Portugal which had failed to comply with his continental system directive. The continental system was an economic war strategy that napoleon tried to employ against Britain. He ordered for a boycott of Britain’s commercial products in the whole of Europe. However, Napoleon later short changed Spain by attacking it and replacing its ruler with his own brother. One of the reasons why Napoleon fell is his treachery against allies. The break away of allies was very instrumental towards the defeat of Napoleon’s army. The short changing of Spain led to its joining hands with Britain and its allies. Although Napoleon had great officers the Spanish guerrillas, supported by Britain and Portugal, were too strong a force to contend (Lacey, Schwatz and Wood 1998, 107). This seriously led to France loosing ground in the control over the peninsula. Later on he made Russia which was number one enemy of his middle east allie s his ally. Austria broke its alliance with France In April 1809. This meant Napoleon having to take charge of fronts that were in the proximity of ally turned enemy. The fifth coalition consisting of Britain, Austria and other enemies of Napoleon waged war against France. France suffered a big defeat at some point in the war but due to Britain and Austria’s lack of meticulous organization, France was able to defend its territory. Napoleon again broke ranks with an ally; the Catholic Church because the pope had failed to sanction the continental system. Napoleon annexed Papal States while the pope in response excommunicated the emperor. The Russian nobility had put a lot of pressure on the Tsar to break alliance with France. In 1811, intelligence informed Napoleon that Russia was planning to wage war against France (Lacey, Schwatz and Wood 1998, 138). Napoleon mobilized forces and attacked its ally about to turn enemy. He invaded interior Russia in 1812. He created alliance with polish nobles but broke ranks with them when they demanded that Russia becomes part of an independent Poland that they wanted to see created (Lacey, Schwatz and Wood 1998, 140). Napoleon was not keen on that because such a move would anger Austria. Napoleon’s army suffered greatly from this war. The final reason why Napoleon’s empire fell was the combination of forces between former allies and all its enemies. Napoleon’s loss in Russia, led to all France’s enemies and former allies joining hands in what is called the sixth coalition (Leggiere 2007, 25). The sixth coalition consisted of â€Å"Russia, Prussia joined with Austria, Sweden, Russia, Great Britain, Spain, and Portugal† (Leggiere 2007, 25). Initially napoleon registered some successes against the coalition. However, the numbers of enemy forces overwhelmed napoleons smaller army (Leggiere 2007, 58). Napoleon moved his armies back into France while the sixth coalition members surroun ded and placed France under siege. Napoleon staged considerable resistance but the coalition managed to match over Paris in March of 1814 (Leggiere 2007, 83). The sixth coalition allies forced Napoleon to resign unconditionally, ending his 20 years of being a powerful presence in Europe. In conclusion, Napoleon’s exploits were not by accident. Napoleon was a very learned person who had appropriated war fare tactics of such theorists like Jacques Antoine and Comte De Guibert (Bell 2007, 463). He understood the dialectic that had informed French development and was smart as to build on already established structures or things already in place. He is credited for the introduction of the metric system in Europe. Under his guidance, the metric system was introduced in France in 1799 (Lacey, Schwatz and Wood 1998, 201). Napoleon’s reform agenda led to creation and enforcement of regulations that would institute equality and equity for all in France; this truly adhered him to many in France especially those that had formerly been sidelined. He was able to bring about order and lawfulness in a franc that had known only revolution after revolution. Napoleon will forever be remembered for the code which was adopted throughout Europe and Napoleon’s colonies. The code recognizes personal freedoms that are worthy every consideration by any society. Annotated Bibliography Asprey B. Robert. 2000. The rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. Kansas: Basic Books This book gives an elaborate biography of Napoleon Bonaparte. It follows the life of Napoleon from childhood, his days in power and final demise. The book attempts to treat Bonaparte not as a demi-god or devil as is often the case, but as a human being who struggled to the cradle but also made mistakes that warranted his down fall. Bell A. David. 2007. The First Total War: Napoleons Europe and the Birth of Warfare As We Know It. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt In this book, Historian David Bell explores th e concept of Total War. He argues that this concept started in the age of Napoleon. Napoleon’s era was characterized by use of sailing vessels, muskets and cannons in waging a total war aimed at subduing or exterminating rival states or nations. The writer narrates Napoleonic war campaigns and how they were executed to make his argument. War was blood and in many occasions unless the subdued surrendered and agreed to the terms of the conqueror, whole nations could be exterminated. The writer focuses on Napoleon to bring out the ultimate warrior of those ages, his attitudes, his thinking and his general perception and inclination in a situation of war. He parallels Napoleon’s days with our days in terms of ambitions and war execution. Schom, Alan. 1998. Napoleon Bonaparte. New York: HarperCollins, This book is a biography of Napoleon Bonaparte. It narrates about Bonaparte’s life from childhood to emperor to exiled prisoner on the St. Helena Island. The book bring s out, in a very exciting way, the exploits of Bonaparte, his personal struggles and his genius. The book is a good read that brings out both the villain and genius that Bonaparte was. It frames the kind of forces and factors that informed Bonaparte’s decisions. Lacey Robert, Schwartz S. Rebecca, Wood A. Rue. 1998. The Rise of Napoleon. New York: Jackdaw Publications This book elaborately discusses napoleon Bonaparte from both biographical and analytical perspectives. It gives detailed information about Bonaparte’s childhood, life in military school, his life under the Directory, how he seized power, how he maneuvered from consul to emperor, his military prowess, and his time in exile. This book brings out the inspiring personality of napoleon. It does not just focus on his prowess but also his personal weaknesses that led to his incessant desire to conquer and subdue. Most crucially, the book dedicates a whole section to Napoleon’s legacy and his pre and post humus image across the world. Leggiere V. Michael. 2007. The Fall of Napoleon: The allied invasion of France, 1813- 1814. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press This book focuses on happenings in the last years of Napoleon’s reign. The book tells of how France was invaded and subdued by the sixth coalition forces. It vividly describes the advance of coalition forces across the Rhine, the battles in Germany and the drive into France. The book brings out the enormity of the army that had gathered against Napoleon.

Public health population process Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Public health population process - Case Study Example F. In relation to spread and survivability the graph is showing that the incidence or the new cases have fallen since 1991. There was a minor increase in 1997 but the incidence has remained constant since then. It shows that the spread of AIDS is less than it was in the early years between 1980 and 1990. It also indicates that the survival rates have improved significantly since with more persons with HIV/AIDS living longer. Most of the persons who caught the disease between 1980 and 1990 did not survive and so the rate of growth did not have any substantial increase during that period up to 1996. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011). HIV surveillance report: Diagnoses of HIV infection and AIDS in the United States and Dependent Areas, 2009 Volume 21. Retrieved from http://www.avert.org/usa-states-cities.htm US Census Bureau. (n.d.). 2005-2005 American Community Survey. Retrieved from:

KFC and Its Franchising Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

KFC and Its Franchising Strategy - Essay Example Presently the company has 15000 outlets with its presence in more than 105 countries (KFC, â€Å"About us†). It has almost 455000 employees. Currently, the company has a turnover of $15 billion. The success of the company is mainly due its product and a sound marketing strategy. However, the international expansion of the company also added to its huge success. The company undertakes its international expansion with franchise system. A franchised system is a process by which the company allows another organization to use its name and market its product. The organization which uses the name of the company to market the products is known as the franchisee. A franchisee thus holds the right to market the products in a particular geographic area (â€Å"Franchise†). KFC operates with franchise system in the international arena. The company was also highly benefitted by this type of operation as the financial risk was greatly minimized and company had taken other risks agains t it. Also, the franchised system has helped the company to understand the culture of the local community and develop the product line accordingly. For example in India, the company never sells any beef product as it is against the social culture. However, in countries like Pakistan, Afghanistan and other places of the world, the company sells beef products. As a consequence, the franchised system helps the company to adapt according to the regional taste. Also, the franchised system helped the company to decide the pricing strategy. It has a network of 1500 franchisee (Yum franchises, â€Å"Yum brands†). The international franchising strategy of the company is both offensives as well as defensive and thus made the firm less dependent on the home country about the revenues and demands. The company has also been able to generate high profits from international franchising strategy. Moreover, the franchising has system has driven the company to the international avenue. The fra nchising strategy of the company has also helped the company to accomplish the following:- International brand recognition by making its presence all over the world. The company strategically has chosen franchised mode apart from other modes of operation, as the franchised system offered less financial burden and also allowed the company to adapt according to the local culture. Franchise mode is also a safe way of conducting the business. It also allowed KFC to undertake an end to end marketing and distribution system. Hence on a whole, it can be concluded that apart from its product mix, promotional technique and other competencies franchised system hugely helped the company to grow their business into a global organization. Skoda and its Positioning Strategy Skoda is an automobile manufacturing and marketing company based in Czech Republic (â€Å"Volkswagen aims at becoming top global car-maker riding on the Skoda† 2011). However, in the year 2000 Skoda became a fully owned subsidiary brand of Volkswagen Auto group of Germany. The brand is mainly positioned as the entry brand of the entire brand. Within the group, the company was positioned at even higher than Volkswagen. It started the venture by manufacturing what is known as people’s car. Nowadays Skoda is positioned as the alternative of Volkswagen. Hence it can be clearly stated as the positioning strategy of Skoda was based on its features. It has successfully positioned itself as the family car which offers value to the price.  Ã‚  

Fossil Fuels and Global Warming Essay Example for Free

Fossil Fuels and Global Warming Essay The use of fossil fuels as the primary source of energy has unwittingly landed humanity into its greatest challenge yet. As oil and coal are burnt up, the greenhouse gases are causing the melting of polar ice, leading to a chain reaction that threatens every other aspect of the ecosystem. This paper looks at the crisis that fossil fuels have brought about, as well exploring existent and proposed solutions, both at the collective and the individual level. Introduction Global warming technically refers to the overall rise in global temperatures. Its widespread use however also encompasses the courses of this rise in temperatures and the effects thereof. More importantly, it is synonymous with the role of human beings’ activity in contributing to these rises. Carbon emissions from planes, cars and industrial plants rise up into the atmosphere and create a blanket of heavy air that traps heat that radiates onto the earth’s surface. By not letting heat escape, over time the globe becomes warmer. This has a direct effect on the flow of ocean currents, directly responsible for weather patterns. It also causes the melting of polar ice, which besides also affecting climate, also causes the sea levels to rise. (Guggenheim D Gore Albert, 2006). Effects of Global Warming Some critics are skeptical of the whole notion of global warming. Despite this criticism, it has grabbed the attention of masses, and they are increasingly examining its effects. The following is a brief insight; Agriculture is fundamental to life, as it is the source of food. Without food, human beings are at risk of extinction, and conflicts are bound to arise. Yet global warming is threatening agriculture. Due to climate change, the environments where bees and other creatures vital to pollination are used to dwelling in are no longer suitable, and the bees are disappearing in droves. More than that, rainfall and sunshine patterns are changing, rendering farmlands unsuitable for the crops that are used to growing there normally. The combined effect is that agricultural yields are negatively affected, and there arises a shortage in overall supply of food worldwide. In early 2008, with the human race hungrier, food prices rose to their highest levels ever, and inflation in many countries became unprecedented. This trend came to a head at the beginning of 2008, with riots and revolts in numerous countries. In the Philippines, soldiers were deployed to guard food crop farms from being raided. Haitians on their part overthrew their government in protest over untenable food costs. It is also here that people were reduced to eating mud, if only to fill up their stomachs. Similar scenarios were reported in Sierra Leone, Nigeria, and a good number of Asian emerging economies. Global warming is not the only factor in bringing about food shortage, but it does play a major role, and has come to the attention of masses around the globe that are willing to act to mitigate the negative effects (Auken, 2008). Another set of negative effect that has been tied to global warming are the now prevalent natural disasters pounding various parts of the world. Hurricanes that have brought devastation to New Orleans, Mexico and more recently Jamaica over the past few seasons have been the worst in recorded history. They have been attributed to rises in sea level resulting from glacial melts owing to global warming. They have brought unprecedented destruction, forcing many coastal cities to adopt new strategies to combat such events. Billions of dollars are now being invested in disaster prevention, and are resulting in an increase in taxation. Similar amounts are being invested in reconstruction efforts to restore damaged infrastructure. Housing models are being radically changed, with cheaper housing being favored to cut losses in case of any eventualities. Prevalent Solutions Such tools as carbon footprints and green qualifications are now being employed to influence the conduct of the common person to contribute toward reducing their personal negative impact on the globe; consumers in Europe and America are increasingly becoming conscious to purchase food with minimal carbon footprints for example. Carbon footprints refer to the amount of carbon dioxide emitted during the process of developing a product from scratch to the point where it gets to the consumer. In effect, products which use plenty of machinery to produce and have to be transported by heavily fuel reliant means such as planes and trucks have much higher carbon footprints than those that are produced using minimal fossil energy and are close to the market. Labels indicating the carbon footprint are put on products by organizations who take the initiative, in a bid to persuade consumers to buy the least destructive products. And the method seems to be working. In Europe especially, consumers are increasingly cutting on their contributions environmental degradation and products with high carbon footprints and finding increasingly limited market. Closely related is the issue of organic foods. These are gaining preference for the reason that they are produced using only natural material, rather than chemicals that are hazardous to human beings and detrimental to the environment. The level to which a product is free of chemical toxicity is referred to as its organic rating, just like carbon footprints are used to depict the level of carbon emissions of a product. Publications and other forms of media are used by proactive organizations to sensitize the public on which products are environmentally friendly, and these do have a major influence on consumer choices. The result is that farmers serving the European markets are using increasingly less machinery and chemicals, thereby reducing the emissions and chemical pollution of the agricultural industry to the environment. Manufacturers also have to adapt to a new way of production- with their carbon footprints being closely monitored, they are increasingly adjusting their production processes to get favorable ratings (Organic Trade Association, 2008). My Solution Proposal In the fight against global warming, I believe efforts should now be geared toward experiments on entirely new lifestyles and forms of organization, with successful experiments being replicated across the globe. In my case, I propose an experiment with a new eco city, preferably in an arid area, at a waterfront (e. g. a lake) for sustainability of life. This will kill quite a few birds with one stone, as the problems of food insecurity, unsustainable energy and wasted land would all be addressed. Implementation In designing such an urban development, cutting edge technology and radical thinking are required at every step of the way. Ecological urban planning concepts are necessary to take advantage of the lake breeze, which can be harnessed for wind energy to cater for a significant part of the new city’s energy requirements. The city plan should also allow for the breeze to penetrate the streets and residential areas rather than block it. When this is done, ecological architecture can be employed in designing self-cooling buildings, which have the advantage of not only saving on air conditioning. This is desirable because it both saves on energy and preserves the environment, seeing as most air conditioners are environmentally harmful. The urban plan also needs to take care of existing ecosystems – if there are any streams, trees or wildlife habitations, the city and building designs should be made around them. Buildings will need to be fitted with solar panels to take advantage of the abundant sun in arid lands, thus further adding to the energy supply provided by wind. Wherever possible, buildings should have green roofing. This is where gardens are made on top of roofs for purposes of food, beautification and more. This will have a number of advantages; food will be more abundant, a cool microclimate will be created (further reducing the need for air conditioning), and the carbon footprint will be drastically reduced or eliminated. The buildings can also be constructed with double walls using recycled material (for sustainability). Double walls have the effect of keeping temperatures low when it’s hot outside and warm when it’s cold outside. Stretches of idle land just outside the city can be used to plant ecologically friendly biofuel crops such as Jatropha Carcus, which is drought-resistant, to complete whatever energy requirements that may remain. Being at the lakefront, clean water for most chores might prove a challenge to get, thus the need to preserve and recycle whatever water can be harnessed. One of the ways to do this is by use of a Sewerage Treatment Plant (STP), which filters sewerage to produce water for irrigation and gas for cooking. This way, other clean sources of water can be less burdened. Energy needs will also be met. Gardens and parks should be organic to reduce the amount of fertilizer and chemical pesticides necessary to maintain them. Sustaining the Gains All the outlined gains of an eco-city would be to naught if the residents do not sustain them. Residents should be encouraged to carpool when going to work, or better still to cycle to work to minimize the carbon footprint. As much as possible, recycled material should be used and other material should be recycled. The use of plastic bags should be banned, instead encouraging the use of bio-degradable baskets. For lighting, energy-saving fluorescent bulbs and tubes should be used. Each home should have a garden in its compound, with at least a tree or two. The gardens, for domestic food consumption, should be grown organically. The beach area should be kept clean, with no littering or dumping of chemicals or effluent into the lake. This will help preserve marine life and overall aesthetic beauty. If such a city can be constructed, myriad gains will have been made; Positive Environmental Impact The immediate impact of all the new vegetation – the green roofs, home gardens, biofuel crops, etc – would be the creation of a cool microclimate in the developed area. Being in front of a lake, the arid land as it currently is cannot benefit because all the moisture being brought in by the breeze either evaporates or travels long distances inland, benefiting other areas with vegetation. With the new vegetation however, the moisture would be trapped, and as the plants perspire, vapor would rise into the local sky, thereby creating rain at that local level. The overall reduced heat levels would also slow down evaporation rates, ensuring that the soil remains moist, helped also by the increased rain. Naturally, more rain is bound to increase vegetation cover, further enhancing the value of the land and creating a positive cycle. Positive Impact on Soil As the vegetation grows and dies, the soil would be enriched organically as the foliage decomposes, increasing its productivity. This happens when the decomposed foliage turns into humus, and mixes with the local sand. This has the effect of bonding the soil together while creating an acceptable level of drainage and porosity within it. If the soil is further enriched with the waste products of the STP process, the overall composition of the soil will become highly favorable to agriculture. It would also be conducive for worms and other soil organisms to grow, which in turn further enrich the soil with vital nutrients. Positive Economic Impact Another area of profound impact will be economic; from the time of construction right through to the establishment of offices and residences, employment opportunities will abound for both locals and immigrants. The eco-friendliness of the area will also attract investment a lot of which these days is conscientious – thus spurring growth. Being at the lakefront, the city is also highly likely to attract considerable international tourism as tourists seek clean and new areas to escape from winter or simply to unwind. At the same time, the marine fishing industry is bound to experience a boost from the clean fishing areas, with ready market locally provided by residents within the new city. They may even be able to export, depending on other factors. At the domestic level, people will be able to grow food and reduce their household budget. They may even be able to sell some of it and generate income – the city can be a net exporter of food. Conclusion Global warming has blessed the world with a lot to ponder upon. With effects ranging from food shortage to natural catastrophes, mitigation should not be a question of whether, but how and when. Coupled with this is the need for newer energy sources, to reduce the globe’s dependency on fossil fuels. With concerted efforts and due diligence, the problems that these two factors portend can be contained to an extent. I propose an experiment with an eco city built on a waterfront as a means of studying how human beings can adopt a top down approach to addressing these pressing issues. I believe the gains to be made will not just be environmental but economic as well. Works Cited Associated press, June 20th 2007, Fossil fuels Tycoon plans largest wind farm- green machines- MSNBC. com, Retrieved 12th Feb 2009. , http://www. msnbc. msn. com/id/19231397 Auken, B. V, 15th April 2008, Amid mounting food crisis, governments fear revolution of the hungry, Retrieved 11th Sep, 2008, http://www. wsws. org/articles/2008/apr2008/food-a15. shtml The British Council (no date). Effects of Global Warming: Social Impact-Climate Change. Retrieved 12th Feb 2009. http://www. britishcouncil. org/climatechange-fact-sheets-global-warming-social-impact. htm Green Africa Foundation, 2008, Retrieved 12th Feb 2009, http://greenafricafoundation. org Guggenheim D, Gore Albert, 2006. An Inconvenient Truth (Film) Organic Trade Association (2008). NOSB Definition of Organic. Retrieved 12th Feb 2009. http://www. ota. com/standards/nosb/definition. html United States Environmental Protection Agency, Heat Island Effect. Retrieved 12th Feb 2009. http://www. epa. gov/heatisland/

Evaluating the Impact of Tourism in England Essay -- UK, Britain

Tourist Count During our visit to Ashridge Estate, we carried a tourist count on two honey pot locations known as Bridgewater Monument and Ivinghoe Beacon. 1 out of the 4 groups that visited Ashridge carried out the tourist count as we did not want to hassle the tourists. A member from the group stood at an area in both locations and took a count of the amount of teenagers, adults, OAP’s, family groups and children there were. The information was then tallied onto a table. From this, we will compare the results collected to previous years (2004-2005). The comparison will be useful as it will allow us to analyse the information to see whether there is a correlation between the number of tourism and the hypothesis. If the number of tourists has decreased, then good; less damage done to the wildlife and environment. However, if the number of tourists increased, it may also suggest that the negative impacts have likewise increased. Some of the negative impacts may be footpath erosion; more tourists use the footpath resulting in more damage, Littering; animals may eat the litter which could harm them and also the air/noise pollution created via tourist transportation; affects the air quality and environment of the local wildlife. As we took the tourist count, we categorized the tourists into age groups. The reason for this was to see which age group was more likely to have a negative impact in Ashridge. Children and teenagers for example tend to be more energetic in comparison to OAP’s, doing more active activities that could harm the local wildlife and environment e.g. football; sports. Whilst OAP’s are more passive and less energetic doing activities that are less likely to harm the wildlife and environment e.g. bird watching. So... ...to see whether they were affected by tourism. On the sketch we took detailed annotations to help us visualize the problems we saw such as footpath erosion, debris materials scattered, deep rutted soil and other negative impacts. From this we could see the difference in both footpaths ((un)managed) to see which one was more affected by tourism. The problem with the field sketches was that whilst we were drawing, it was really windy which subsequently distracted us, so there may have been some mistakes. Also, some of the pupils from the groups found it difficult to draw what they saw, so the sketches may also not have been accurate and reliable. We could improve our drawings by taking a camera to capture accurate photos that will give us reliable results. From the pictures we would be able to recall the features of the footpaths we saw in order to help our fieldwork.

Power, Office Politics, and a Career in Crisis

rP os t 2095 MAY 1, 2008 W. EARL SASSER HEATHER BECKHAM op yo Thomas Green: Power, Office Politics, and a Career in Crisis Another long day at the office had drawn to a close. Thomas Green felt the pulsing in his temples that usually preceded a migraine. As he stepped outside Dynamic Displays’ corporate headquarters in Boston, the brisk air made him catch his breath. It was now February 5, 2008. Green could not believe that in five short months his dream promotion had turned into a disaster.When Green had been promoted to his new position in September, he was a rising star. Now, he would be lucky to celebrate his one-year anniversary with the company. His boss, Frank Davis, had sent the division vice president, Shannon McDonald, two scathing emails criticizing Green’s performance. Green and Davis had yet to see eye to eye on work styles or market trends. Tension had also risen when Green did not enthusiastically endorse the sales forecasts made by Davis. Green felt the forecasts were either overly optimistic or outright fabrications. tCBefore he left for the day, Green had reread the series of emails regarding his performance and was certain that Davis was setting him up to be dismissed. Davis’s most recent email had made it clear to Green that his position as a senior market specialist was in jeopardy. He did not have much time to rectify the situation. McDonald had emailed a formal request to him that afternoon, asking for his perspective on his performance and how he was going to improve the situation. With this in mind, Green started his commute home and began to analyze what went wrong and what he could do to save his job. NoCompany and Industry Background Do Dynamic Displays was founded in 1990 as a provider of self-service options to banks via Automated Teller Machines (ATMs). In 1994, Dynamic Displays launched a new division aimed at the travel and hospitality industry, and deployed their first self-service check-in kiosk for Discov er Airlines. In 2007, Dynamic Displays’ Travel and Hospitality Division had 60% market share with over 1,500 self-service kiosks in use at more than 75 airports. Customers included regional, national, and international airline carriers, as well as various hotels and car-rental agencies.Eighty percent of the Travel and Hospitality Division’s 2007 revenue came from airline carrier clients, 15% from hotels, HBS Professor W. Earl Sasser and Heather Beckham prepared this case solely as a basis for class discussion and not as an endorsement, a source of primary data, or an illustration of effective or ineffective management. This case, though based on real events, is fictionalized, and any resemblance to actual persons or entities is coincidental. There are occasional references to actual companies in the narration.Copyright  © 2008 President and Fellows of Harvard College. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, call 1-800-545-7685, write Harvard Bus iness Publishing, Boston, MA 02163, or go to http://www. hbsp. harvard. edu. This publication may not be digitized, photocopied, or otherwise reproduced, posted, or transmitted, without the permission of Harvard Business School. This document is authorized for use only by Usman Chaudhry at Fatima Jinnah Women University until March 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [email  protected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. rP os t 095 | Thomas Green: Power, Office Politics, and a Career in Crisis and 5% from car-rental agencies.The company was a full service provider, offering hardware, software, engineering, and maintenance support. op yo Kiosks were an attractive option for airlines to quickly and easily check in passengers while reducing processing costs. Dynamic Displays’ kiosks not only reduced costs but also improved customer service, shortened passenger wait times, and provided valuable information to these travelers. In 2006, Forrester Research estim ated the average cost for an airline passenger to check in through an agent was $3. 2, versus a range of $0. 14 to $0. 32 for kiosk check-in. 1 This impressive savings was realized by allowing the repetitive tasks of selecting or changing seat assignments and printing and distributing boarding passes to be handled by the passengers themselves. Airlines reduced headcount or assigned the agents to more value-added tasks, such as solving complex customer service issues and ensuring compliance with safety and security standards. The cost savings were particularly important for the airline industry during a period when margins were razor thin and fuel costs were continuing to climb.Airlines were also aggressively promoting another self-service option for travelers. Web check-in allowed passengers to complete the entire check-in process via the internet from a remote location, utilizing their personal or office computer. Cost savings using online check-in was of even greater benefit becau se the airline did not have to purchase and install a kiosk, and passengers printed their own boarding passes using their own paper. According to a 2006 Forrester report, airport kiosks were a mature application with 75% of U. S. leisure passengers using kiosk in 2006.Web check-in on the other hand, was still experiencing dramatic growth, increasing from less than 45% of U. S. leisure passengers in 2005 to 64% in 2006. 2 Thomas Green: Path to Senior Market Specialist tC Thomas Green was born in 1979 in Brunswick, Georgia, the son of a postman and a school secretary. At the University of Georgia, he worked in a warehouse and washed cars while earning a bachelor’s degree in Economics. His first full-time job was in sales for National Business Solutions in Atlanta. Green enjoyed impressive success in the Banking Division, focusing on ATM sales to regional banks in the Southeast.In March 2007, Dynamic Displays recruited Green for an account executive position in the Southeast ter ritory for the Travel and Hospitality Division. To Green, Dynamic Displays seemed to present a great chance for a fast climb up the managerial ladder. No Green hit the ground running at Dynamic Displays. In his first four months as an account executive, he completed a contract for one of the largest airline carriers, Journey Airlines, to accelerate rollout of kiosks in 20 airports and purchase upgraded software for kiosks in the majority of their locations.Green had told a close friend, â€Å"I wanted to come in and dazzle them at Dynamic Displays. This was no easy feat. But I wanted more than an account executive position. I had heard there was a lot of opportunity for fresh talent at corporate headquarters and I made it my mission to get noticed immediately. † Do Senior executives at Dynamic Displays quickly took notice of Green’s performance and were eager to strengthen his relationship with the company. In July 2007, Green attended a week-long training session at c orporate headquarters.Shannon McDonald, the division vice president, and Mary Jacobs, the national sales director, made a concerted effort to get to know him better. Green and McDonald 1 Harteveldt and Epps, â€Å"Self-Service Check-In Clicks with Travelers,† Forrester Report, February 23, 2007 2 Ibid. 2 BRIEFCASES | HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL This document is authorized for use only by Usman Chaudhry at Fatima Jinnah Women University until March 2013.Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [email  protected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. rP os t Thomas Green: Power, Office Politics, and a Career in Crisis | 2095 ere both University of Georgia alumni and Georgia natives. They had an instant connection, and McDonald seemed to take Green under her wing. McDonald had several informal meetings with Green, and by the end of the week Green became aware of an open position for a senior market specialist. Green aggressively campaigned to be considered for this position. Over the next month, Green made several trips to corporate headquarters to meet with McDonald. Green discussed his various client relationships, and McDonald agreed that in a short time he had developed unique insights into their markets.Following a dinner meeting at which Green offered lengthy explanations of the client opportunities he perceived and his strategies for winning them, McDonald promoted him to the position of senior market specialist. op yo McDonald told Green, â€Å"Tom, you are obviously a bright and ambitious account executive. You have a great rapport with your clients. You have made a strong case for your promotion and I’m willing to take a chance on you. I think this group needs a fresh perspective. However, I do have a couple of reservations about your lack of managerial experience.You have only held sales roles, and the senior market specialist position is very different. This new job will require you to think strategically as well as tactically, and y ou will have to coordinate between several different functions and layers of corporate management. I am hoping you compensate for your lack of experience by seeking out guidance from some of our more seasoned managers. † Green was assigned to work out of corporate headquarters in Boston. The division’s organizational structure is shown in Exhibit 1.The promotion had been a giant step upward for Green; an account executive interested in joining the marketing team usually moved first to a market specialist position and then put in a number of years in the field before reaching â€Å"senior† status. The other senior market specialists in the division were in their forties. Green was 28. His salary was now $125,000, a 50% increase over his previous salary. tC Senior market specialists were responsible for identifying industry trends, evaluating new business opportunities, and establishing sales goals.In addition, specialists developed general market and specific clie nt trategies to help the account executives obtain a sale. Green directly supervised the two market specialists in his region. Green reported to Frank Davis, the marketing director. Davis had recently been promoted from the position that Green assumed (see Exhibit 2 for relevant bios). No After Green’s Promotion Green’s promotion became effective on September 10, 2007. McDonald stopped by Green’s office that first day and told Green, â€Å"Tom, you are walking into a tricky situation with Frank Davis. Frank had expected to choose the new senior market specialist and it would not have been you.You’ll have to deal with any fallout that might result from that. You are getting an unusual opportunity with this promotion. Don’t let me down. † Do Green used most of his first week to review 2006 and 2007 year-to-date sales. He spent the next week with his boss, Frank Davis, making a rapid tour of major airline industry clients. At the end of the wee k, Davis told Green, â€Å"We had some good meetings this week and the clients responded well to your ideas. However, I think we would have been more effective if we had been able to provide the clients with some market data.When you are on your own I expect you to spend a significant amount of time preparing for client meetings and developing supporting detail for your proposals. I know you will need a little time to get up to speed on your new position, but I expect you to start developing some new market strategies for your region soon. † HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL | BRIEFCASES This document is authorized for use only by Usman Chaudhry at Fatima Jinnah Women University until March 2013.Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [email  protected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. 3 rP os t 095 | Thomas Green: Power, Office Politics, and a Career in Crisis Green next visited clients, market specialists, and account executives in New York, Atlanta, and Orlando. In addi tion to the travel, Green’s personal life was very busy. He was searching for a house in Boston, arranging to move belongings there, and still trying to maintain a relationship with his girlfriend in Atlanta. op yo On October 8, Green attended the 2008 Budget Plan meeting in which Davis presented sales projections for the upcoming year. This was the first time Green had been exposed to the planning and forecasting process.Since Davis had held Green’s position when the estimates were due, the numbers for the Eastern region had been developed without input from Green. At the meeting, Davis assigned 2008 performance commitments for all senior marketing specialists and their teams. Performance reviews would be based upon their ability to meet or exceed the objectives. Green was surprised by the numbers that Davis was proposing. Davis estimated 10% growth in the Eastern region. According to Green, â€Å"Frank Davis was way off base with his pro forma numbers. I had been ta lking with our account execs and there was no way we could achieve double-digit growth in 2008.The sales goals Frank set for my region were totally unrealistic. In the meeting I expressed my concern that my goals would be impossible to meet. I couldn’t believe I was the only one with the guts to speak up. After the meeting, Frank stopped me in the hall and told me about all these big opportunities for the market. I listened politely, but the time I’d spent out on the road with clients gave me every reason to doubt Frank’s expectations. † tC Davis was visibly upset that Green openly challenged him at the meeting. Davis commented to McDonald, â€Å"Thomas’s negative attitude is not what we need on this team.Corporate expects this division to be a growth engine for the company. We’ve realized a 10% CAGR over the past 5 years. The market indicators are positive, and with the right sales strategy my projections are attainable. The hotel and car-r ental markets are virtually untapped right now. Thomas’s problem is that he’s too conservative in his outlook. He is thinking like an account exec who is only concerned with the sales target. In the senior market specialist position, he has to think outside the box and develop strategies to capture that aggressive growth target. † Meeting with Frank Davis NoIt was customary for employees at Dynamic Displays to have an informal evaluation in the first or second month after a promotion. When Green saw a meeting with Davis regarding his performance pop up on his Outlook calendar, he was not the least bit worried. On October 15, 2007, Green met with Davis to discuss his performance to date. Quite to Green’s surprise, Davis had prepared a list of problems he had encountered with Green’s work in the first month after his promotion. Do Davis sternly looked Green in the eye and began. â€Å"Thomas, you have not done a good job of keeping me informed of you r schedule.For example, this past Thursday, I was trying to locate you and your Outlook calendar said you were in Orlando. I needed you to send me some information on one of our accounts. You didn’t answer your cell phone. I ended up calling the account exec in Orlando and was told you had left the previous day. To make matters worse, I had asked you to deliver on that same day a brief report on that new kiosk opportunity in Tampa—and I didn’t receive it. † Flabbergasted, Green responded, â€Å"I decided to go to Atlanta a day early because I had run out of good opportunities in Orlando.I was able to get a meeting with the VP of purchasing at a client in Atlanta and thought that would be more productive than sitting around Orlando talking to nobodies. † 4 BRIEFCASES | HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL This document is authorized for use only by Usman Chaudhry at Fatima Jinnah Women University until March 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyrigh t. [email  protected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. rP os t Thomas Green: Power, Office Politics, and a Career in Crisis | 2095 Davis continued, â€Å"On September 20, I asked you to check why VIP Hotel Group had not purchased any of our kiosks.After three reminders, I still have not received a good answer from you. In the same vein, two weeks ago, I requested the status of the regional jet division of Journey Airlines. I have not received any update from you yet. I also asked for organizational charts on two clients in Charlotte and Raleigh. Do you remember your reply? You said, ‘What’s the value of charts like that? I have that information in my head. ’ Thomas, we can make good use of those charts—they can help us lay out a strategy for getting to the decision makers in a company. I expect the charts on my desk by end of the week.Davis and Green spent the next two hours going over various incidents and discussing a plan to improve the situation. op yo Later, Green told a manager outside his group, â€Å"I can’t shake this nagging suspicion that Frank’s criticisms of my performance are a direct result of my questioning the validity of his forecasts in the Budget Plan meeting. I was blindsided by his negative assessment of my work. Frank spent two hours picking apart my work style. You would think he would be concerned with bigger issues than how often I update my Outlook calendar. †A few days after the meeting, Davis wrote an email to McDonald, who had promoted Green, outlining the points covered in the meeting and copied Green on the communication (Exhibit 3). Three Months Later: Trouble Continues tC After the October 15 meeting, Green met with the national sales director and director of software development. Green was focused on developing a new up-selling and cross-selling software program that would allow airline passengers to upgrade seating; have meals, magazines, or books delivered to the flight; and book hotel rooms or cars at their destination.According to Green, â€Å"The only way for us to capture growth is if we can convince the airlines that our products have revenuegenerating opportunity and other advantages over web check-in. However, these programs may take months to develop and will not impact our sales in 2008. † No Green spent most of November, December, and January working independently on his special software project and traveling to meet with his market specialists and various clients. According to one of the market specialists who accompanied Green to several meetings, â€Å"Thomas is great when it comes to selling the clients on his ideas.He is very charismatic and can think quickly on his feet. I can tell he has put a lot of thought into his strategies and I really like working for him. However, the clients are starting to ask me for hard data to back up his claims of cost savings. They are also requiring memos and presentations to bring to their super iors that justify the expenditure. Thomas doesn’t really work that way. He would rather talk through the issues face to face. † Do During this time, Green avoided interactions with Davis whenever he could. Green continued to tell people outside the group he did not agree with his boss’s projections for 2008.Green stated, â€Å"With the continued financial distress in the airline industry and preference for web check-in, I don’t foresee a lot of growth in spending next year. Davis is holding firm with his upbeat projections. I deliberately steer clear of him. I know my mood is terrible. The excitement’s gone from work. I must say, though, I’ve had a couple of good chats with managers from another part of Dynamic Displays, and they‘re supportive. They told me to stand my ground. † On January 28, Davis held another performance review meeting with Green, focusing on the continuing deficiencies in Green’s work and attitude.Afte r the meeting, Davis sent an email to McDonald outlining his issues with Green (Exhibit 4). Green was not copied on this email, but someone sent him a copy by interoffice mail. McDonald met with Davis the following day to flesh out HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL | BRIEFCASES This document is authorized for use only by Usman Chaudhry at Fatima Jinnah Women University until March 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [email  protected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. 5 rP os t 2095 | Thomas Green: Power, Office Politics, and a Career in Crisis the issue. Davis told McDonald, â€Å"I am truly disappointed with Thomas’s work.He is an intelligent and capable young man, but I do not believe he is making a strong effort. † In response to Davis’s complaints, McDonald sent a short email to Green (Exhibit 5) asking for his point of view on the situation. Green told a close friend, â€Å"It’s clear that Frank intends to get rid of me. He’s jus t putting his argument together. † Green’s Next Move op yo As Green entered I-93 on the way to his new home in North Andover, he replayed in his head the series of events and subsequent emails. Green recognized that he had not paid much attention to office politics when he’d taken on his job.He had met one-on-one with McDonald only twice since he moved to the corporate headquarters. He had been preoccupied with the job itself, and with living up to McDonald’s expectations. Now it seemed as though he had no allies in the company. McDonald’s email today struck a nerve. Because McDonald sponsored his promotion, Green had taken for granted that she would watch out for him. If Davis was indeed trying to fire him, Green wondered who McDonald would side with. Do No tC Several questions persisted in Green’s mind. What steps should he take next? Set up a meeting with McDonald?Write McDonald a detailed memo? Do what Davis tells him and keep his mouth s hut, even though he was convinced that the forecasts were inflated? Was it his responsibility to expose Davis’s overstated projections? Maybe contact a head hunter and start looking for another job? He had to sort through before he responded to McDonald’s email. Next week, his first mortgage payment was due and the new furniture he’d picked out was scheduled to be delivered. This was certainly not a good time to be out of work, for 2008 was shaping up to be a very stressful year for Thomas Green. 6 BRIEFCASES | HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOLThis document is authorized for use only by Usman Chaudhry at Fatima Jinnah Women University until March 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [email  protected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. This document is authorized for use only by Usman Chaudhry at Fatima Jinnah Women University until March 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [email  protected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. Exhi bit 1 No (3) Northwest US, West Canada, Alaska, Hawaii (4) Southwest US North American Western Region Sales Manager Kent Walsh Technical Specialists2 (4) North East US, Eastern Canada (3) Southeast US North AmericanEastern Region Sales Manager Mark Washington National Sales Director Mary Jacobs op yo tC Service/ Maintenance Director John Kofalt (3) North Central US (3) South Central US rP os t North American Central Sales Manager Christine Raven Software Development Director Robert Hartley 2 There were six technical specialists (one for each territory) There were three senior market specialists (one for each region) and six market specialists (one for each territory). Thomas Green was the market specialist for Eastern Region 1 Account Executives Market Specialists1 Senior Market Specialists1 Thomas Green Jack Brown Michelle Jones Marketing DirectorFrank Davis Travel Division Vice President Shannon McDonald Abbreviated Organization Chart, Travel and Hospitality Division of Dynamic Di splays, 2007 Do 2095 -7- Exhibit 2 Relevant Bios Thomas Green (Age 28) – Senior Market Specialist rP os t 2095 | Thomas Green: Power, Office Politics, and a Career in Crisis Thomas Green began his career as an account executive for National Business Solutions in Atlanta, Georgia. He spent six years as an account executive in the Banking Division, selling ATMs to regional banks throughout the Southeast. In March 2007 he joined Dynamic Displays as an account executive in their Travel and Hospitality Division.He is currently the division’s senior market specialist for the Eastern region of North America. Green graduated summa cum laude from University of Georgia with a bachelor’s degree in Economics in 2001. op yo Frank Davis (Age 45) – Marketing Director Frank Davis is a 17-year veteran of Dynamic Displays. He joined the company in 1990 as an account executive with the Financial Services Solutions Division. He has also held positions as an account executive , market specialist, and senior market specialist with the Travel and Hospitality Division. Frank Davis is currently the marketing director for the Travel and Hospitality Division.Prior to joining Dynamic Displays, Davis worked as a sales representative for Advanced Telecommunications Services selling PBX phone systems to large corporations. He holds a bachelors degree in history from New York University (1986) and an Executive MBA from Suffolk University, Sawyer Business School (2002). Shannon McDonald (Age 42) – Division Vice President Do No tC Reporting to the Dynamic Displays Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President, Sam Costello, Shannon McDonald was promoted to Division Vice President in November of 2006 and is responsible for all aspects of the Travel and Hospitality Business.Previously, McDonald was the director of national sales for the Travel and Hospitality Division (2000-2006). She was responsible for driving Dynamic Displays’ self-service business w ith the largest airline carriers in the United States. Ms. McDonald has also held positions as a strategic consultant with Chicago Consulting Group’s Travel and Tourism practice and as a marketing analyst with Quest Airlines. She holds a bachelors degree in marketing from the University of Georgia (1987) and an MBA from Northwestern’s Kellogg School of Management (1992). 8 BRIEFCASES | HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOLThis document is authorized for use only by Usman Chaudhry at Fatima Jinnah Women University until March 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [email  protected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. Exhibit 3 rP os t Thomas Green: Power, Office Politics, and a Career in Crisis | 2095 10/19/07 Email Regarding Green’s Performance FROM: â€Å"FRANK DAVIS† TO: â€Å"SHANNON MCDONALD† CC: â€Å"THOMAS GREEN† SENT: FRIDAY, OCTOBER 19, 2007 3:48:32 pM SUBJECT: THOMAS GREEN op yo Since Thomas assumed the position of senior marke t specialist on September 10, 2007, numerous incidents of poor judgment and questionable behavior have concerned me.Thomas and I talked about most of these incidents as they occurred. However, I concluded that we needed to have an overarching discussion about his performance and to develop a strategy for improving his work style. At that meeting, held October 15, 2007, we reviewed a range of problems. Among them: 1. Thomas fails to inform me of his plans and keep me updated on his schedule. 2. He does not follow up when information is requested of him. 3. Thomas’s lack of enthusiasm is troubling.He has a right and an obligation to question aspects of our plans if he finds them illogical or unfeasible, but the kind of negativity he displayed in the Budget Plan meeting on October 8 is dangerous to the organization and unacceptable to me. tC Thomas seemed to accept my criticisms in a thoughtful manner and assured me he will do what is necessary to succeed in his position. He and I plan to discuss his overall performance again in midNovember. Meanwhile, he’ll be expected to take the following corrective measures: Plan to make focused calls when dealing with market specialists, account executives, and clients.Have a specific communication strategy going into a call, and have all sales collateral and other necessary materials available. Stop making calls purely for the purpose of meeting people. 2. Update Outlook calendar regularly and always return calls from our office promptly. No 1. 3. Provide feedback to my requests in a timely manner. Thomas says he now recognizes that my requests are not merely â€Å"reminders†; they are a call for information that I genuinely need. 4. Demonstrate a more positive attitude both inside and outside the company. Do Frank R. DavisTravel and Hospitality Marketing Director Dynamic Displays 212-314-1420 HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL | BRIEFCASES This document is authorized for use only by Usman Chaudhry at Fatima Jinna h Women University until March 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [email  protected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. 9 Exhibit 4 1/30/08 Email Regarding Green’s Performance rP os t 2095 | Thomas Green: Power, Office Politics, and a Career in Crisis FROM: â€Å"FRANK DAVIS† TO: â€Å"SHANNON MCDONALD† SENT: WEDNESDAY, January 30, 2008 4:28:12 pM SUBJECT: THOMAS GREEN op yoOn October 19, 2007, I sent you an email communicating my concerns with Thomas’s attitude and job performance. On January 28, 2008, Thomas and I had another meeting on this subject. I would like to summarize that conversation. Thomas wastes a great deal of time complaining about the problems of selling to our current and prospective clients and far too little time developing strategic marketing approaches and effective sales tactics. I informed him that his job is to sell the accounts, not to agree with our clients’ assertions about alleged disadvantages of our products or the current excess capacity in the industry.I told Thomas his lack of effort and enthusiasm are not consistent with the standards of Dynamic Displays and could lead to an outcome he likely would not find pleasant. Thomas then said he felt I was micromanaging his activities. It was here that I think we uncovered the root of the problem. I inquired as to what new or even slightly imaginative marketing approaches he documented in the past five months. His answer was, â€Å"None that are documented. † When I see no new targets and no thoughtful, creative marketing, I feel I must micromanage, and I communicated this to Thomas. tCI then pulled up several Power Point presentations, spreadsheet models, and associated emails that Michelle Jones, the Western Region senior market specialist, had used to shape her region’s strategy and to support their selling efforts. As we paged through her work, Thomas stated that all those email updates and fancy presentations and models were â€Å"political† and didn’t match up well with his personal approach to selling. I told him this was not only good politics, but also proved to his boss that he was working effectively. No Thomas ultimately conceded the mistakes and personal shortcomings that I explained to him..He pledged to develop creative marketing approaches and keep me updated on his progress. I hope these promises materialize in the next 30 days. If not, I recommend we part ways with Thomas Green and quickly seek out a competent replacement for this extremely important position. Do Frank R. Davis Travel and Hospitality Marketing Director Dynamic Displays 212-314-1420 10 BRIEFCASES | HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL This document is authorized for use only by Usman Chaudhry at Fatima Jinnah Women University until March 2013.Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [email  protected] arvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. Exhibit 5 2/5/08 Email from McDonald to Green rP os t Thomas Gr een: Power, Office Politics, and a Career in Crisis | 2095 FROM: â€Å"SHANNON MCDONALD† TO: â€Å"THOMAS GREEN† CC: â€Å"FRANK DAVIS† SENT: TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 5, 2008 8:38:53 AM SUBJECT: PERFORMANCE op yo Frank Davis has explained to me his point of view on your performance. I think all of us want to improve the current situation, which is regrettable. At this point I would like to get your perspective on your recent performance and to understand your ideas about specific areas that need improvement.I look forward to resolving this issue ASAP. I would be glad to discuss this matter with you in detail, but first I would like to receive your statement in writing. Do No tC Shannon A. McDonald Travel and Hospitality Group Vice-President Dynamic Displays 212-314-1415 HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL | BRIEFCASES This document is authorized for use only by Usman Chaudhry at Fatima Jinnah Women University until March 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [e mail  protected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. 11